The Peloponnesian War (431-404 BC) was a protracted and devastating conflict between the city-states of Athens and Sparta, representing the two dominant powers of ancient Greece. The war emerged from growing tensions over power, alliances, and differing political systems; Athens championed democracy and maritime trade, while Sparta upheld an oligarchic and militaristic society. The conflict began with the First Phase (Archidamian War), characterized by annual invasions of Attica by the Spartans

The rivalry between Athens and Sparta defined ancient Greece and culminated in epic battles during the Peloponnesian War (431-404 BCE). Athens, with its powerful navy and democratic ideals, clashed with Sparta, known for its formidable land army and militaristic society. Key battles, such as the Battle of Marathon and the Sicilian Expedition, highlighted their contrasting strategies: Athens focused on maritime supremacy, while Sparta excelled in land warfare. Despite significant victories and te